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type="text/css"></style> <div id="ct" class="ct2 wp cl"> <div class="mn"> <div class="bm_haa cl"> <div class="bm_h cl"> <a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=57" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a><h1 class="xs2">文章</h1> </div></div> <div class="kjkjb"> <div class="bm vw" style="margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="h hm"> <div class="zxtoux"><img src="http://www.oecr.com/uc_server/avatar.php?uid=95525&size=small" /></div> <h1 class="ph">中俄美航天器返回技术比较 </h1> <p class="xg1"> 时间：2011-11-18 10:44<a class="zz" href="home.php?mod=space&uid=95525">作者：dameinv</a> 阅读<em id="_viewnum">(1498)</em> 评论: <a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=comment&id=2624&idtype=aid" title="查看全部评论"><em id="_commentnum">2</em></a></p> <div class="zxfb" ><a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=57" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a></div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarytop]--><div id="diysummarytop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="s"> <div class="ss"><div><span>导读： </span>中国首次空间交会对接实验业已完成，在与“天宫一号”目标飞行器成功进行了两次交会对接后，“神舟八号”飞船将于11月17日晚执行指令返回地球。航天器的返回与发射实际上是相逆的过程。</div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarybottom]--><div id="diysummarybottom" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="d"> <!--[diy=diycontenttop]--><div id="diycontenttop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="vwtb"><tr><td id="article_content">中国首次空间交会对接实验业已完成，在与“天宫一号”目标飞行器成功进行了两次交会对接后，“神舟八号”飞船将于11月17日晚执行指令返回地球。航天器的返回与发射实际上是相逆的过程。发射过程是航天器从地面经加速穿过大气层而进入其运行轨道的过程；而返回过程则是航天器从运行轨道经减速到达地面的过程。整个返回过程是系统和复杂的，中、美、俄三个航天大国航天器返回的着陆方式、隔热方式以及着陆场的选择各有千秋。<BR><BR>阿波罗、联盟和神舟系航天器采取同一种返回着陆方式<BR><BR>载人航天器根据不同的结构，主要分为三种返回着陆方式：弹道式、弹道—升力式和水平着陆。<BR><BR>采用弹道式返回的航天器，像炮弹一样，沿着一条很陡峭的路径返回，在穿越大气层时不产生升力，因而不能进行落点控制，所以落点偏差较大，并且过载比较大(可达8g～9g)，接近人体所能承受的极限。落点散布也比较大。苏联和美国早期的返回式航天器都采用这种形式，如苏联的“东方”号、“上升”号飞船和美国的“水星”号飞船。<BR><BR>弹道-升力式返回的航天器一般都采用钟形结构，在穿越大气层时产生一定的升力，因而能够对其飞行轨迹进行一定控制，落点准确度比较高，过载也较小(不大于4g)。美国的“阿波罗”号系列飞船、俄罗斯的“联盟”号系列飞船和中国的“神舟”号系列飞船采用的都是这种返回着陆方式。<BR><BR>水平着陆返回的航天器也就是有翼返回航天器，最典型的就是美国的航天飞机。它的外形与飞机相似，可实现水平着陆。这种着陆方式过载最小(约1.5g)，是航天员感觉最舒服的着陆方式，而且航天飞机控制能力很强，落点精度很高，可以在指定的机场跑道上着陆，也可以重复使用。<BR><BR>中俄航天器燃烧降温 美国航天器选用隔热瓦<BR><BR>当载人航天器的返回舱在距离地面70公里—40公里的高度以每秒数千米的速度穿越稠密大气层时，返回舱表面温度会达到1000-2000摄氏度，如果不采取有效的防热降温措施，整个返回舱将会像陨石一样被烧为灰烬。因此，如何降温是最大的技术难点。<BR><BR>由于都是选择飞船作为载人航天器，中国的的“神舟”飞船和俄罗斯的”联盟”飞船都是使用一次就不再使用的，因此采用的是烧蚀防热的方法，就是在飞船外使用一种瞬间耐高温<a href="http://material.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">材料</a>，一般是高分子材料，在高温加热时，表面部分材料会熔化、蒸发、升华或分解汽化。在这些过程中将吸收一定的热量，这种现象叫烧蚀。烧蚀防热是有意识地让表面部分材料烧掉，将热量带走，从而达到保存主要结构的目的。这些隔热材料在燃烧完毕之后，剩下的是碳化层，飞船底部一团漆黑可以证明保护层牺牲自己，换来了飞船的安全。<BR><BR>而美国的载人航天器以航天飞机为主，采用的是在航天飞机表面覆盖2万多块隔热瓦的方法对航天飞机以及宇航员进行保护。隔热瓦主要由两部分组成，内层是导热系数非常低的耐高温陶瓷纤维，外层则是薄薄一层绝缘隔热层。隔热瓦的材质有很多种，即使是在同一架航天飞机上，隔热瓦的种类也是千差万别。比如，在飞机顶部，可以采用白色的传导降温材料，以使航天飞机在飞行中保持凉爽；在受热程度较高的底部，通常采用二氧化硅，并且在外面涂一层黑色绝缘层；而在受热程度最高的飞机前部锥形体部位以及两翼边缘，则需要采用耐高温的碳制材料。<BR><BR>中俄航天器均落地 美国航天器多坠海<BR><BR>为了确保航天员和航天器安全顺利地返回地面，根据载人航天器运行的轨道特点，各国选择着陆场基本遵循下面四个条件：一是飞船将从这个地区上空多圈次通过；二是场地要开阔；三是地势要平缓，地表要足够坚硬；四是天气状况要好。<BR><BR>中国的内蒙古中部四子王旗海拔1000米1200米，能见度高，地势平坦开阔，没有大河，属于中温带大陆气候，干燥少雨人烟稀少，非常适合载人航天器着陆。综合考虑这些因素，“神舟”系列飞船的主着陆场选在了内蒙古中部草原上。此外，考虑到恶劣天气等因素，又在酒泉附近建设了一个备用着陆场。<BR><BR>美国东西两岸均濒临大洋，拥有一支训练有素的海岸救生队伍和先进的海上救生技术与装备，而且大海一望无际，便于搜索和回收，所以美国载人飞船大多选择海上着陆。因此，美国的航天飞机把肯尼迪航天中心作为主着陆场，爱德华兹空军基地作为备用着陆场。<BR><BR>俄罗斯拥有辽阔的中亚细亚草原和西伯利亚大平原，东西绵延上万里，所以载人飞船大多采用国内陆上回收方式。主着陆场设在了地域开阔、人烟稀少的拜科努尔发射场东北的草原上，面积约为40多万平方公里。</td></tr></table> <!--[diy=diycontentbottom]--><div id="diycontentbottom" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <script src="data/cache/home.js?E5r" type="text/javascript"></script> <div id="click_div"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="atd"> <tr><td> <a href="http://club.oecr.com/home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=click&op=add&clickid=1&idtype=aid&id=2624&hash=778de30399fe2da4578721f85b6d2115&handlekey=clickhandle" id="click_aid_2624_1" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.href);doane(event);"> <img 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